Continuous cover forestry (CCF) is a broad term encompassing a wide variety of forest management practices. One key feature of is that biomass removal is based either on small clearcuts or selective harvesting. Smaller clearcuts may create less hydrological disturbance but some of the filtration benefits associated with forest soils may be lost as a result of the greater driving and road maintenance needed for continuous harvesting.
- Based on Stella definitions, adapted by NWRM project experts and validated by the European Commission

(either positive or negative). Third-party effect or welfare impact, which is both unilateral (i.e. one cannot decide neither whether to suffer it or not nor how much impact to bear), and non-compensated. In other words, an externality stemming from the implementation of a NWRM is a cost (if negative) or a benefit (if positive), which is not directly reflected in the direct costs or benefits of the NWRM but are one of its outcomes. It is a welfare variation expressed in monetary units.

Much of the evapotranspiration from forests falls elsewhere as rain, Ellison et al. (2012), amongst others, have shown that this large scale water pump can be a significant component of the annual precipitation in many continental areas. That is to say, many continental areas would receive a lot less rain if it were not for the mositure returned to the atmosphere by actively growing forests.

Shallow excavations filled with gravel or other material to create temporary storage and to enhance the natural capacity of the ground to infiltrate. Infiltration trenches would typically be used to intercept surface runoff drainage (e.g. drainage from roof or other impervious areas) or to convey water towards a detention pond.
- Based on Stella definitions, adapted by NWRM project experts and validated by the European Commission

'Hard-edged' conveyance channels to move water between components in a SuDS 'train'.ﾠ Typically narrower than swales, but may also include vegetated aspects.
- Based on Stella definitions, adapted by NWRM project experts and validated by the European Commission

Lakes are by definition water retention facilities; they store water (for flood control) and provide water for many purposes such as water supply, irrigation, fisheries, tourism, etc.ﾠ In addition, they serve as sinks for carbon storage and provide important habitats for numerous species of plants and animals, including waders.ﾠ In the past, lakes have sometimes been drained to free the land for agriculture purposes, or have simply not been maintained and have silted up.ﾠ Restoring lakes is re-introducing them where they have been in former times or revitalising them.
- Based on Stella definitions, adapted by NWRM project experts and validated by the European Commission

Targeted planting of forests in headwater areas (e.g. with a slope) can help to stabilize hillslopes, thereby reducing erosion and potentially leading to greater water retention in montane areas. Afforestation may have beneficial effects on the hydrograph by reducing peak flows and helping to maintain base flows. The potential for water retention must be balanced against the increased ET and pollutant trapping that may be associated with forests.
- Based on Stella definitions, adapted by NWRM project experts and validated by the European Commission

The suppression of lateral constraints consists in removing some bank protection in order to enhance lateral connection of the river, diversifying flows (depth, substrate, speed), diversify habitats but also capping floods in the mainstream.
- Based on Stella definitions, adapted by NWRM project experts and validated by the European Commission

An enclosed body of water, usually but not necessarily fresh water, from which the sea is excluded. (Source: WHIT)

Forest harvesting can cause severe disruptions to the hydrologic cycle. Clearcut areas are often subject to localized flooding due to reductions in evapotranspiration caused by removal of trees. Roads and other infrastructure needed to support forest harvesting can also be significant sources of sediment to surface waters. However, negative effects can be minimized when forest harvesting is performed in a water-sensitive manner and measures are taken to maintain the natural hydrological functioning of the landscape.